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Abstract

Decentralized systems play a crucial role in both the public and private sectors, addressing a wide range of organizational needs. At the core of these systems is the dissemination protocol. Hyperledger Fabric is a leading platform for production-ready distributed network systems. Although Hyperledger Fabric is designed to support pluggable consensus protocols, it needs more detailed technical guidance on integrating new consensus modules. Initially, Fabric employed Kafka as its consensus protocol but later transitioned to Raft. Both Kafka and Raft are Crash Fault-Tolerant (CFT) protocols that do not account for Byzantine fault-tolerant participants. This research explores the necessary steps to integrate a consensus protocol into Hyperledger Fabric, focusing specifically on incorporating the Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) BDLS protocol. Our proposed BFT solution, inspired by the initial Dwork, Lynch, and Stockmeyer (DLS) protocol and adapted as the Blockchain DLS (BDLS) protocol, is recognized as one of the most efficient and promising BFT protocols for blockchain systems. This study provides a comprehensive technical analysis of integrating BDLS into Hyperledger Fabric, highlighting the complexities and advantages of this integration. Chapter five presents a performance comparison between Raft-based and BDLS-based Hyperledger Fabric. The findings demonstrate that Hyperledger Fabric, when utilizing the BDLS protocol, achieves performance levels comparable to those of the Raft-based Fabric. In 2024, Hyperledger Fabric announced a new BFT solution, SmartBFT, in the beta release of Fabric version 3.0. However, SmartBFT, which originates from the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) protocol, faces significant scalability challenges due to its high message complexity. This complexity severely impacts network efficiency, particularly in large-scale deployments in sectors such as healthcare, finance, and education. Our research shows that the message complexity of SmartBFT increases quadratically with the number of ordering nodes, resulting in substantial communication overhead. In contrast, our proposed BDLS protocol maintains linear message complexity, making it more scalable and efficient for large networks. Furthermore, our research proposes a solution to enhance the security of IoT-Edge servers and Cloud replicas within the new Fabric-BDLS framework. The experimental results indicate that BDLS provides consistent performance advantages. Throughput analysis of Fabric 3.0 reveals a significant performance drop for SmartBFT, achieving only 40\% and 20\% of Raft's throughput in LAN and WAN environments, respectively. Conversely, BDLS-based Fabric achieves 90\% to 95\% of Raft's throughput, underscoring its superior scalability and efficiency and instilling confidence in its suitability for large-scale deployments. All the codes are available in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/BDLS-bft/fabric.

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