Sleep is an important health behavior that many people struggle with. Sleep Hygiene is a set of behaviors and conditions that promote optimal sleep at night. These include avoiding physiologically arousing situations, avoiding unhealthy eating behaviors, having an environment conducive to sleep and having a well-maintained sleep schedule. However, many individuals struggle to maintain these behaviors due to factors of their living situation or larger societal confounds. This dissertation includes three separate studies investigating arousal, timing and environment factors of sleep hygiene and how aspects of these may be beyond an individual’s control. We explored how gender interacts with sleep attitudes and sleep hygiene, especially along arousal pathways to predict sleep outcomes. Notably, women who favor sleep do not have as much difference in actual sleep outcomes from women who don’t favor sleep compared to differences observed in men. In exploring sleep timing, we investigated whether chronotype or social jetlag were greater predictors of health outcomes. While for self-reported health, being a morning-person was the stronger predictor, for depression and stress, managing social jetlag was the stronger predictor. Lastly, we investigated the relationship of air quality on sleep and cognitive functioning. Nightly particulates did not impair sleep or cognition but carbon dioxide exposure and perceived air quality did. These manuscripts highlight how factors such as gender, work scheduling, and air quality, though associated with Sleep Hygiene, may be important but beyond one’s control.