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Abstract
The conventional electrical system in place today sees our electrical devices powered by AC mains. But as renewable technologies become more prevalent, DC microgrids could be a cheaper and more efficient alternative. To avoid any possible technical issue such as power, and energy balance, power quality or protection problem, any microgrid must operate in both grid connected and grid disconnected (islanded) mode without compromising grid reliability, voltage and frequency balance, consistent with the minimal standards for all connected devices. One of these requirements is a regulated bus voltage within the acceptable region to avoid any undesired power fluctuations. This research shows how this requirement can be provided for a DC microgrid integrated with a single-phase bidirectional inverter through using an advanced control method to operate with no grid information, and without contributing the solar DC-DC converter. This system can intelligently and efficiently operate in islanding mode when load shedding is employed to regulate the DC bus voltage with providing the demand response requirements. Also, this enables controllable loads to ride-through grid outages, and it can be used as a retrofit solution for existing topologies with increasing the efficiency and improving the reliability. Also, an active anti-islanding protection method is proposed called Locking Frequency Band Detection (LFBD). Islanding condition refers to an undesired event on which a portion of utility system including both distribution generation (DG) and local loads are disconnected from the grid of DGs powering the local loads. As unintentional islanding of a DG results in power quality degradation, interference to grid-protection facilities, equipment damage, and even personnel safety issues, an anti-islanding protection method is needed to control power system operation. The proposed method functions by introducing a virtual detection band only based on local grid frequency across the load. Hence, it has little or no impact on distribution generation (DG) output and its power quality, and it does not get affected by number of DGs. In addition, the proposed protection method eliminates the dreaded Non-Detection Zone (NDZ) for DG systems typically observed during most severe power system transient conditions. Detailed description of both proposed algorithms is explained and its performance and efficacy are evaluated through simulation and hardware experiments for different conditions.