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Abstract

In 2015, marriage equality was established in the United States in the Supreme Court case Obergefell vs. Hodges, representing a monumental achievement for the LGBTQ+ community. However, since this historic ruling, anti-LGBTQ+ legislation has seen an exponential increase with each passing year holding the new record high in number of proposed and enacted policies (American Civil Liberties Union, 2024; Human Rights Campaign, 2023a). Given the uptick in discriminatory legislation, or structural stigma, against the LGBTQ+ community it is important to understand the implications on individual experiences and health. Past studies have investigated this connection, however, a majority have focused on LGBTQ+ adults over the age of 30. This study aims to incorporate a wider diversity in age to the research on structural stigma and the LGBTQ+ community by focusing on young adults who are LGBTQ+. This population has a unique perspective given LGBTQ+ young adults have a high risk of negative mental health in comparison to heterosexual and cisgender young adults. This study will shed light on the potential pathway of interpersonal stigma connecting structural stigma and individual anxiety and depression symptoms via two research questions: RQ1) Does structural stigma have a indirect relationship with depression via interpersonal stigma in young adults who identify as LGBTQ+?; and RQ2) Does structural stigma have a indirect relationship with anxiety via interpersonal stigma in young adults who identify as LGBTQ+? These research questions were explored through a path analysis on outcomes of anxiety (n=243) and depression (n=237) symptoms among LGBTQ+ individuals aged 20 to 30. There was a significant association between interpersonal stigma and anxiety and depression such that higher rates of interpersonal stigma were associated with higher anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, a small indirect effect was found in the association between structural stigma, interpersonal stigma, and anxiety. This finding provides a framework to continue research into the influence of discriminatory policies and experiences of interpersonal stigma on anxiety symptoms among young LGBTQ+ adults. Future research should include other related factors such as social support, connection to one's community, socioeconomic status, and interpersonal stigma. Another important finding to highlight is transgender individuals reported the highest rates of interpersonal stigma and symptoms anxiety and depression. This indicates a need for continued advocacy and support for this population. These findings are consistent with the current hostile political climate restricting gender-affirming care and the right to access public accommodations for transgender and non-binary individuals. Additional research should be conducted to identify interventions to support these individuals in the context of policy barriers and the current social and political environment. Other findings from this study inform further research areas such as the differences in experience of BIPOC LGBTQ+ individuals and the intersection of anti-LGBTQ+ discrimination and racial discrimination.

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