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Abstract

Within the broader field of photochemistry, photoredox catalysis has emerged as a field of significant and growing relevance in the modern world. While there are many versatile and potent photoredox catalysts, these species are typically toxic and expensive transition metal catalysts. As such, there is a growing desire to develop and study a new generation of photoredox catalysts that are lower cost, sustainable, and organic or naturally derived.In this work, we demonstrate that thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles (TTzs) and fugally derived perylenequinone (PQ) dyes can act as viable, next-generation photoredox catalysts. Across the two series of dyes, nine new photoredox catalysts were characterized by their photophysical properties and have been shown to drive an imine alkylation reaction at high yields (54-90%) with a low concentration of catalyst loading (0.1-0.2 mol%). Analysis of the photophysical properties of both dye series have reveal trends which govern catalytic performance, and demonstrate which traits are ideal in the development of new photocatalysts. Additionally, while photoredox catalysis is a broadly studied subject matter, the influence of wavelength on product yield, or mechanistic effects is often overlooked. Both the TTz and PQ dye series share the distinct characteristics of having two reversible reductions with distinct spectral characteristics. The initial hypothesis was that using multiple wavelengths of light to achieve excitation of both the non-reduced and a reduced state of the catalyst could result in the enhancement of product formation. The effect of wavelength on catalyst performance was observed to have divergent effects for the two series of dyes. When illuminated by both high energy (405 nm) and low energy (595 nm) light when using TTzs dyes, product formation was found to be unaffected or negatively affected in such conditions. Conversely, PQ dyes demonstrated a noticeable increase (2-20% yield improvement) when exposed to multiple wavelengths of light. The results of this work demonstrate not only the existence of new types of photoredox catalysts, but further highlights the importance of studying the effect of wavelength on the performance of photoredox catalysts.

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