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Abstract

The increased use of renewables (solar, wind, etc.) as an alternative to the conventional generation using fossil fuels is the solution [1] to address the carbon emission’s problem. However, due to the excess penetration of solar Photovoltaic (PV) (centralized or distributed) along conventional generation arises, an imbalance in supply and demand of electricity which leads to an over-voltage challenge for the distribution side of the grid. This over-voltage may be mitigated by curtailing solar PV, which does not solve the underlying issue of carbon emission into the environment. The way out to deploy more PV during daytime is to have a storage that can store the excess generation. As per DOE, the Pump Hydro Storage (PHS) account for 95.41% of total energy storage in the US while other 4.59% is in form of battery and thermal storage. There are many problems associated with PHS such that it needs large and specific geographical area for upper and lower reservoir, detailed planning, and construction time with large capital investment. Batteries come with their own environmental issues as they use raw materials such as lithium and lead and can be hazardous to the environment if they are not disposed and recycled properly. Hence, this study aims to give a feasible solution to utilize the copious number of renewables to generate power with the specific goal of enabling higher penetration of PV on the grid during the day. For the study, various naturally occurring consumer loads have been identified, such as water heaters, Heating Ventilation and Air Conditionings (HVACs), and water/ice thermal storage that can enable high levels of solar PV penetration. The study also presents the energy added onto the grid using simulations for a chosen day and cost comparison between the thermal storage capacity and battery storage.

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