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Abstract
While integrated care in public health settings may be important to promote health equity and to advance health outcomes within low-income and economically marginalized (LIEM) populations, implementation has not been well documented. And few studies have examined clients’ integrated care experiences using qualitative or mixed-methods designs. This study sheds light on implementation considerations for integrated care in public health settings from the client perspective via two research questions: RQ1) How do Black and Hispanic women of LIEM backgrounds experience integrated behavioral health care in public health settings? RQ2) What natural supports do clients access to promote their wellness, and how might these be incorporated into integrated care models? These research questions were explored using a mixed-methods design that integrated survey responses (n = 126) with in-depth interviews (n = 8) among ethnically and racially diverse women of LIEM backgrounds served by the public health department. Data analyses included descriptive and inferential statistics as well as interpretive phenomenological analysis IPA.RQ1 results indicated clients across the public health department reported high satisfaction with overall and behavioral health-specific services and high perception of providers’ cultural responsiveness. To better understand the experiences across screening, handoff, and consultation, IPA was conducted. While perceptions of a depression screener in public health were varied, honest responses were a matter of personal agency and were influenced by factors such as high mental health need, limited access to mental health services, being asked the questions at the right time, and being comfortable with the provider. After screening positive for depressive symptoms and being referred for a behavioral health consultation, two women reported "slipping through the cracks," and multiple women described a desire for a warmer handoff. During the behavioral health consultation, women reported feeling "hopeful" that their health system sought to understand them holistically and tailored their services. Pregnant women in the sample especially appreciated behavioral health services during pregnancy, which made managing depression even more difficult. Follow-up interviews (n = 7) revealed that the majority of women did not ultimately make it to mental health services due to factors such as limited time, depressive symptoms, and communication mishaps.RQ2 results indicated that women reported most frequently using supportive relationships (e.g., scheduled time with social circle) and relaxation activities (e.g., listening to music) to promote their wellness. Results indicated variability in natural supports access by race and ethnicity. In addition, results indicated that women reported being more likely to use and trust mental health services that incorporate their natural wellness supports.The study findings indicated that client satisfaction is just one part of the client experience and is heavily influenced by care expectations. Over-reliance on client satisfaction quality improvement measures in health settings may be difficult to interpret. Results also highlighted the importance of person-centered care in shaping a high-quality integrated care experience. While there are several researcher-derived person-centered integrated care models, this study illustrated person-centered care from the clients’ perspectives. In their eyes, person-centered care (which is embedded within culturally-responsive health systems) is signaled by perceived abilities to a) seek to holistically understand the client and b) act appropriately based on that understanding. Follow-up interviews revealed that clients who did not ultimately make it to mental health services continued to suffer from depressive symptoms, and that additional systemic support (such as follow up or on-site therapists) is required to ensure high-quality and equitable care. This study underscored the importance of natural supports in promoting wellness among Black and Hispanic women. However, it also revealed that natural supports without health system support may be insufficient (and, in some cases, exacerbate mental health symptoms) among women living with mental health symptoms. Results also highlighted an opportunity to maximize utility and increase trust of mental health services: integrated care may incorporate natural wellness supports to better serve the whole person. Given the in-depth interviews conducted, complemented by the survey, this study deepened an understanding of the integrated care client experience by amplifying client voices. Clients critiqued their experience and imagined how their integrated care experience could better meet their needs, thus their recommendations for practice improvement are discussed. In addition, the setting of this study–the public health department–sheds light on the generalizability of integrated care findings in new practice settings. Finally, this study illuminates the need for person-centered (rather than client-centered care) and illustrates how it may manifest in real-world settings.