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Abstract
It was not until the late 1980s that the United Nations proposed the notion of 'sustainability' to address three key issues: economic development, social equity, and environmental protection [1].From an environmental standpoint, buildings can play a crucial role in developing the concept of sustainability. The building sector is responsible for 40% of CO2 emissions and 70% of electricity consumption in the United States, surpassing all other sectors [2] [3] [4]. Among these, residential buildings account for two-thirds of the total energy consumption in the building sector [5] [4]. Over the past few decades, the size of houses has been gradually increasing [6] [7]. The growth in home size can have detrimental environmental effects, including land loss, increased pollution, changes in energy consumption, and various other harmful impacts [8] [9] [10]. Conventional buildings require substantial amounts of water and energy during construction, operation, and demolition stages [11] [12]. Therefore, the concept of tiny houses can be a potential solution to the existing crises in these sectors. On the other hand, there is currently a growing demand for zero-energy buildings. Net-zero energy buildings generate at least as much energy as they consume [13]. In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) has set goals for marketable zero-energy homes by 2020 and commercial zero-energy buildings by 2025 [14]. Additionally, California has mandated that all newly constructed homes and commercial buildings be net-zero by 2020 and 2030, respectively [15]. By 2030, Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) should be commercially viable according to iv the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Other countries have also established long-term goals for implementing NZEBs [13]. Therefore, the inclination towards zero-energy buildings is inevitable. Since 2007, mycelium-based composites have been recognized as inventions and have been studied scientifically. Due to the numerous advantages of this material, it is essential to gather information from scientific literature, patent documents, and personal experience to evaluate the potential and limitations of using mycelium-based composites in industrial manufacturing, particularly for decorative objects in interior architectural design [16]. This project aims to utilize mycelium-based materials for efficient insulation and photovoltaic cells for electricity generation. Moreover, the impact of the window-to-wall ratio is investigated in this study. The outcomes of this study demonstrate that the window-to-wall ratio has a significant impact on energy consumption. Remarkably, among the 15 investigated cities, all cases in seven cities achieved zero-energy status. This high prevalence indicates a significant opportunity for designing and implementing net-zero energy tiny houses, showcasing the viability of sustainable practices across diverse urban landscapes.