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Abstract

Additive manufacturing, specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method, has emerged as a promising technique for rapid prototyping. Using FDM, complex geometries can be created using precise layer by layer deposition of material. Among the advantages of this method are its cost-effectiveness, rapid prototyping capabilities, and ability to customize. Due to the similar melting point of ferroelectric polymers PVDF and PVDF-TrFE to thermoplastics which are used in FDM printers, this study examined the possibility of using FDM method for additive manufacturing of piezoelectric and pyroelectric PVDF and PVDF-TrFE sensors. This method can be used in biomedical engineering, soft robotics, energy harvesting, and sensing technologies. Although both PVDF and PVDF-TrFE can be printed by FDM, the XRD resultindicated that only PVDF-TrFE crystallized in polar phase upon cooling from the melt while PVDF always crystallized in the nonpolar phase. Therefore, only PVDF-TrFE could be used for piezoelectric and pyroelectric samples. With corona poling, consistent responses from both piezo- and pyroelectric sensors were observed. Using a 30 mW laser, samples were measured for pyroelectricity. Poling at 25 kV for 10 minutes at room temperature resulted in a maximum pyroelectric response of 50 mV. The piezoelectric response of the samples was measured in both deflection mode by clamping one end and applying displacement to the free end, and also in compression mode by applying normal load to the sample placed on a flat surface. For the latter tests, d33 = 2.5 pC/N was found for single layer (300 μm) PVDF-TrFE. Upon impacting the free end of a PVDF-TrFE sample printed on a PVDF layer as a substrate, 130 V (peak-to-peak) of open circuit piezoelectric response was observed.

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