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Abstract

Miscarriage, defined as pregnancy loss in the first 20 weeks of gestation, is a profound and individualized experience. It is estimated to occur in up to one in four pregnancies, resulting in approximately one million miscarriages annually in the US alone. Consequences of miscarriage include poor psychological health outcomes, such as depression and anxiety, and physiological effects, such as recurrent miscarriage and other complications for subsequent pregnancies. Experiencing a miscarriage may also hinder one’s ability to try to conceive again by undermining their reproductive confidence. The literature on miscarriage is increasing; however, studies concerning patients’ communicative needs are limited. The following research aimed at understanding the context around communication from one’s healthcare team during a miscarriage and perceptions of grief and self-efficacy related to reproductive goals. This three-manuscript dissertation project contributes to efforts to improve miscarriage care throughout the entirety of healthcare interactions. My first manuscript produced a scoping review of original, peer-reviewed research on healthcare communication and miscarriage conducted in the US. This synthesis provided an overview of the relationship between healthcare communication and miscarriage experiences and identified the potential knowledge gaps for future miscarriage studies. Data were charted according to Arksey and O’Malley’s Scoping Review Framework. Three primary themes emerged relating to patient-centered care, the overmedicalization of miscarriage, and informed decision-making. This manuscript presented a foundational understanding of these concepts, which informs my second two manuscripts. In my second manuscript, I used semi-structured individual interviews to understand the perceptions and experiences of healthcare communication by women who have had a miscarriage. A phenomenological approach was used to recognize and comprehend how participants reflect on their individualized experiences of miscarriage in the healthcare setting. Interviews with 12 participants revealed valuable context regarding the care received during and after a miscarriage and a patient’s sense of reproductive self-efficacy (RSE). Findings from this study point to three ways that providers can optimize a patient’s sense of RSE: (1) reassure patients of their long-term reproductive goals and discuss implications of miscarriage; (2) provide guidance for a patient’s next steps; and (3) provide patient-centered care that is empathetic to a patient’s pregnancy history. The semi-structured interviews for manuscript two were also used to inform my final manuscript, which sought to explore how knowledge, expectations, and perceptions of miscarriage change throughout the pregnancy experience as impacted by the healthcare team. We mapped our findings onto a journey map, emphasizing four opportunities for healthcare teams to improve miscarriage management: (1) engage in conversations about miscarriage and missed miscarriage with patients before they get pregnant and in early pregnancy; (2) avoid potentially triggering contexts such as waiting rooms full of pregnant people or exam rooms where miscarriages were diagnosed; (3) acknowledge the emotional impacts of miscarriage in subsequent care; and (4) be aware of pregnancy-related anxiety and allow for additional screening and/or appointments in subsequent pregnancies.

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