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Abstract

This study proposes a framework through which to examine queer resistance and oppositional behaviors under oppression and persecution, such as the Nazi regime. Under the Weimar Republic, queer circles coalesced into communities that developed a degree of visibility in the German public and political discourse. Queer activists advocated for the abolition of Paragraph 175, the section of the German legal code which criminalized homosexual intercourse. Immediately following the National Socialist seizure of power in 1933, the Nazi German government targeted the visible queer establishments and print outlets. In 1935, the Nazi regime revised Paragraph 175 to implement harsher penalties and expand the scope of its homosexual criminalization. This study examines the clandestine queer communities that moved outside the public sphere to both preserve their own safety and resist Nazi persecution. Queer circles developed underground networks to maintain a semblance of their Weimar-era communities and engage in explicitly illegal acts of sexual autonomy. Furthermore, queer individuals engaged in tactics to preserve the safety of their networks and immediate queer circles.

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