Tungsten and tantalum are neighbors in the Periodic Table of the Elements and, as refractory metals, both have very high melting points (tungsten: 3422oC, tantalum: 2996oC). However, the ductility of the two metals is quite different especially at...
The increase in strength due to the Hall-Petch effect, reduced strain hardening capacity, a reduced ductility, and changes in deformation mechanisms are all effects of reducing grain size (d) into the ultrafine-grained (UFG, 100 5.3 mm show a dra...
