The continuing increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere leads to increase in sea-surface temperature and causes ocean acidification altering seawater carbonate chemistry. Estuarine and shallow coastal areas, which are hotspots for...
Aquatic ecosystems are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously. Many estuarine sites which show diurnal dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH fluctuations are also exposed to metals which can be toxic to marine organisms. Bivalve mollusks serve as goo...